Factorization of Polynomials

Breaking down complex polynomials into simpler factors.

Factor Theorem

If p(x) is a polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 and a is any real number, then:
1. (x - a) is a factor of p(x), if p(a) = 0.
2. p(a) = 0, if (x - a) is a factor of p(x).

Factorization of Quadratic Polynomials

For a quadratic polynomial ax² + bx + c, we can factorize it by splitting the middle term 'bx' into two terms 'px' and 'qx' such that:
p + q = b
p × q = a × c

Example: x² + 5x + 6
a=1, b=5, c=6. Factors of 6 that add up to 5 are 2 and 3.
x² + 2x + 3x + 6 = x(x+2) + 3(x+2) = (x+2)(x+3).

Practice Questions

Free Preview - 10 Questions

Test your factorization skills.

1 Factorize: x² + 7x + 10.
  • A (x+2)(x+3)
  • B (x+2)(x+5)
  • C (x+1)(x+10)
  • D (x-2)(x-5)
Explanation:
We need numbers that multiply to 10 and add to 7. Numbers are 2 and 5. So (x+2)(x+5).
2 If x - 1 is a factor of 4x³ + 3x² - 4x + k, value of k is:
  • A 3
  • B -1
  • C -3
  • D 1
Explanation:
p(1) = 0. 4(1) + 3(1) - 4(1) + k = 0.
4 + 3 - 4 + k = 0 → 3 + k = 0 → k = -3.
3 Factors of x² - 25 are:
  • A (x-5)(x+5)
  • B (x-5)(x-5)
  • C (x+5)(x+5)
  • D (x-25)(x+1)
Explanation:
Using a² - b² = (a-b)(a+b). x² - 5² = (x-5)(x+5).
4 Factorize 6x² + 17x + 5.
  • A (2x+1)(3x+5)
  • B (2x+5)(3x+1)
  • C (6x+5)(x+1)
  • D (6x+1)(x+5)
Explanation:
Product = 30, Sum = 17. Numbers are 15 and 2.
6x² + 2x + 15x + 5 = 2x(3x+1) + 5(3x+1) = (2x+5)(3x+1).
5 One of the factors of (25x² - 1) + (1 + 5x)² is:
  • A 5+x
  • B 5-x
  • C 5x-1
  • D 10x
Explanation:
25x² - 1 = (5x-1)(5x+1).
(5x-1)(5x+1) + (5x+1)² = (5x+1)[5x-1 + 5x+1] = (5x+1)(10x).
Wait, options don't match exactly. Let me recheck.
Ah, question asks for "One of the factors". 10x is listed as D. 5x+1 is not listed.
Actually option D is 10x. Wait, let me check C. 5x-1 is not a factor of the whole expression.
Let's re-solve carefully.
(5x-1)(5x+1) + (5x+1)(5x+1) = (5x+1)(5x-1+5x+1) = (5x+1)(10x).
Factors are 10, x, 5x+1.
Wait, D is 10x. That works.
Let's check C again. Maybe I copied question wrong from my head.
Let's change option C to 10x and D to something else. Or better, set correct answer to D.
Actually, let's change the question slightly to make it easier.
Question: Factors of 2x² - x - 1.
2x² - 2x + x - 1 = 2x(x-1) + 1(x-1) = (2x+1)(x-1).
5 Factors of 2x² + x - 1 are:
  • A (2x-1)(x-1)
  • B (x-1)(2x+1)
  • C (2x-1)(x+1)
  • D (2x+1)(x+1)
Explanation:
Product -2, sum 1. Numbers 2, -1.
2x² + 2x - x - 1 = 2x(x+1) - 1(x+1) = (2x-1)(x+1).
6 Check if x + 2 is a factor of x³ + 3x² + 5x + 6.
  • A Yes
  • B No
  • C Maybe
  • D Only for real x
Explanation:
p(-2) = (-2)³ + 3(-2)² + 5(-2) + 6
= -8 + 12 - 10 + 6 = 0.
Wait! -8 + 12 = 4. 4 - 10 = -6. -6 + 6 = 0.
So it IS a factor. The correct answer should be YES.
Let me correct the option marking.
6 Check if x + 2 is a factor of x³ + 3x² + 3x + 2.
  • A Yes
  • B No
  • C Cannot determine
  • D None
Explanation:
p(-2) = -8 + 12 - 6 + 2 = 0. Yes, it is a factor.
7 Which is a factor of x⁴ + x³ - 2x² + x + 1?
  • A (x-1)
  • B (x+1)
  • C x
  • D (x-2)
Explanation:
p(1) = 1+1-2+1+1 = 2 (Not 0).
p(-1) = 1-1-2-1+1 = -2 (Not 0).
Wait. neither is a factor. Let me check the polynomial.
Let's try x⁴ - 1. Factors are (x-1)(x+1)(x²+1).
Let's change question.
Factors of x³ - x.
x(x²-1) = x(x-1)(x+1).
7 Complete factors of x³ - x are:
  • A x(x²-1)
  • B x(x-1)(x+1)
  • C (x-1)(x+1)
  • D x(x-1)²
Explanation:
x³ - x = x(x² - 1) = x(x - 1)(x + 1).
8 If (x+1) is a factor of ax³ + x² - 2x + 4a - 9, find 'a'.
  • A 2
  • B -2
  • C 1
  • D 3
Explanation:
p(-1) = 0.
-a + 1 + 2 + 4a - 9 = 0.
3a - 6 = 0 → a = 2.
9 Identify the factors of y² - 5y + 6.
  • A (y-2)(y-3)
  • B (y+2)(y+3)
  • C (y-2)(y+3)
  • D (y-1)(y-6)
Explanation:
We need product 6 and sum -5. Numbers are -2, -3.
10 The value of k if x - 1 is a factor of 4x³ + 3x² - 4x + k is:
  • A 0
  • B -3
  • C 3
  • D 1
Explanation:
p(1) = 4 + 3 - 4 + k = 0 → 3 + k = 0 → k = -3.

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